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Technical Note
Online Published: 24 Oct 2025
 


Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia

Arbye S, Fransisco Wijaya, Jimmy Trio Putra, Arief Budiman.


Abstract
The growing global energy demand and the impacts of climate change have accelerated the transition toward renewable energy, particularly in remote regions not connected to national electricity grids. This study investigates the design and optimization of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) that integrates photovoltaic (PV) panels, diesel generators (DG), battery energy storage systems (BESS), and hydrogen energy storage systems (HESS) to meet the electricity demand of Enggano Island, Indonesia. The objective is to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions and improving cost efficiency. Simulations were conducted using HOMER software to determine the optimal system configuration based on economic, technical, and environmental indicators, including Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), Renewable Fraction (RF), and CO₂ emissions. The results show that the PV-DG-BESS configuration emerged as the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable option, achieving an LCOE of $0.293/kWh and reducing annual CO₂ emissions by 48.1% compared to the baseline diesel-only scenario. The Net Present Cost (NPC) for PV-DG-BESS was calculated to be $5,387,226.63. While the PV-DG-BESS configuration is the most practical near-term solution, the integration of HESS demonstrates long-term potential for enhancing system resilience and supporting deeper renewable penetration. Overall, this study contributes to the development of sustainable and efficient renewable energy strategies for remote areas and provides valuable insights for policymakers and energy practitioners in Indonesia and other developing countries facing similar energy challenges.

Key words: Hybrid Renewable Energy System, Hydrogen Energy Storage, Remote Areas, photovoltaic fault detection, Net Present Cost.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

S A, Wijaya F, Putra JT, Budiman A. Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia. Sol. Energy Sustain. Dev.. 2025; 14(2): 97-120.

doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

Web Style

S A, Wijaya F, Putra JT, Budiman A. Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia. https://www.jsesd.org/?mno=302658374 [Access: November 12, 2026].

doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

S A, Wijaya F, Putra JT, Budiman A. Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia. Sol. Energy Sustain. Dev.. 2025; 14(2): 97-120.


doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

S A, Wijaya F, Putra JT, Budiman A. Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia. Sol. Energy Sustain. Dev.. (2025), [cited November 12, 2026]; 14(2): 97-120.


doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

Harvard Style

S, A., Wijaya, . F., Putra, . J. T. & Budiman, . A. (2025) Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia. Sol. Energy Sustain. Dev., 14 (2), 97-120.


doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

Turabian Style

S, Arbye, Fransisco Wijaya, Jimmy Trio Putra, and Arief Budiman. 2025. Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia. Solar Energy and Sustainable Development, 14 (2), 97-120.


doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

Chicago Style

S, Arbye, Fransisco Wijaya, Jimmy Trio Putra, and Arief Budiman. "Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia." Solar Energy and Sustainable Development 14 (2025), 97-120.


doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

S, Arbye, Fransisco Wijaya, Jimmy Trio Putra, and Arief Budiman. "Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia." Solar Energy and Sustainable Development 14.2 (2025), 97-120. Print.


doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

S, A., Wijaya, . F., Putra, . J. T. & Budiman, . A. (2025) Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Sustainability in Remote Areas:: A Case Study of Enggano Island, Indonesia. Solar Energy and Sustainable Development, 14 (2), 97-120.


doi:10.51646/jsesd.v14i2.618

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